> restart;
 

Krumning i polære koordinater 

Vi viser at Maple kan bruges til at udlede formler 

> r:=t->F(t);
 

(Typesetting:-mprintslash)([r := proc (t) options operator, arrow; F(t) end proc], [proc (t) options operator, arrow; F(t) end proc]) 

> x:=r(t)*cos(t);
 

(Typesetting:-mprintslash)([x := F(t)*cos(t)], [F(t)*cos(t)]) 

> y:=r(t)*sin(t);
 

(Typesetting:-mprintslash)([y := F(t)*sin(t)], [F(t)*sin(t)]) 

> x1:=diff(x,t);
 

(Typesetting:-mprintslash)([x1 := (diff(F(t), t))*cos(t)-F(t)*sin(t)], [(diff(F(t), t))*cos(t)-F(t)*sin(t)]) 

> x2:=diff(x1,t);
 

(Typesetting:-mprintslash)([x2 := (diff(F(t), `$`(t, 2)))*cos(t)-2*(diff(F(t), t))*sin(t)-F(t)*cos(t)], [(diff(diff(F(t), t), t))*cos(t)-2*(diff(F(t), t))*sin(t)-F(t)*cos(t)]) 

> y1:=diff(y,t);
 

(Typesetting:-mprintslash)([y1 := (diff(F(t), t))*sin(t)+F(t)*cos(t)], [(diff(F(t), t))*sin(t)+F(t)*cos(t)]) 

> y2:=diff(y1,t);
 

(Typesetting:-mprintslash)([y2 := (diff(F(t), `$`(t, 2)))*sin(t)+2*(diff(F(t), t))*cos(t)-F(t)*sin(t)], [(diff(diff(F(t), t), t))*sin(t)+2*(diff(F(t), t))*cos(t)-F(t)*sin(t)]) 

> d:=x1^2+y1^2;
 

(Typesetting:-mprintslash)([d := ((diff(F(t), t))*cos(t)-F(t)*sin(t))^2+((diff(F(t), t))*sin(t)+F(t)*cos(t))^2], [((diff(F(t), t))*cos(t)-F(t)*sin(t))^2+((diff(F(t), t))*sin(t)+F(t)*cos(t))^2]) 

> dd:=simplify(expand(d),trig);
 

(Typesetting:-mprintslash)([dd := F(t)^2+(diff(F(t), t))^2], [F(t)^2+(diff(F(t), t))^2]) 

> n:=x1*y2-x2*y1;
 

(Typesetting:-mprintslash)([n := ((diff(F(t), t))*cos(t)-F(t)*sin(t))*((diff(F(t), `$`(t, 2)))*sin(t)+2*(diff(F(t), t))*cos(t)-F(t)*sin(t))-((diff(F(t), `$`(t, 2)))*cos(t)-2*(diff(F(t), t))*sin(t)-F(t...
(Typesetting:-mprintslash)([n := ((diff(F(t), t))*cos(t)-F(t)*sin(t))*((diff(F(t), `$`(t, 2)))*sin(t)+2*(diff(F(t), t))*cos(t)-F(t)*sin(t))-((diff(F(t), `$`(t, 2)))*cos(t)-2*(diff(F(t), t))*sin(t)-F(t...
(Typesetting:-mprintslash)([n := ((diff(F(t), t))*cos(t)-F(t)*sin(t))*((diff(F(t), `$`(t, 2)))*sin(t)+2*(diff(F(t), t))*cos(t)-F(t)*sin(t))-((diff(F(t), `$`(t, 2)))*cos(t)-2*(diff(F(t), t))*sin(t)-F(t...
(Typesetting:-mprintslash)([n := ((diff(F(t), t))*cos(t)-F(t)*sin(t))*((diff(F(t), `$`(t, 2)))*sin(t)+2*(diff(F(t), t))*cos(t)-F(t)*sin(t))-((diff(F(t), `$`(t, 2)))*cos(t)-2*(diff(F(t), t))*sin(t)-F(t...
 

> nn:=simplify(expand(n),trig);
 

(Typesetting:-mprintslash)([nn := -F(t)*(diff(F(t), `$`(t, 2)))+F(t)^2+2*(diff(F(t), t))^2], [-F(t)*(diff(diff(F(t), t), t))+F(t)^2+2*(diff(F(t), t))^2]) 

Den endelige formel for krumningen er da: 

> kappa:=abs(nn)/(dd)^(3/2);
 

(Typesetting:-mprintslash)([kappa := abs(-F(t)*(diff(F(t), `$`(t, 2)))+F(t)^2+2*(diff(F(t), t))^2)/(F(t)^2+(diff(F(t), t))^2)^(3/2)], [abs(-F(t)*(diff(diff(F(t), t), t))+F(t)^2+2*(diff(F(t), t))^2)/(F... 

Vi sætter nu en konkret funktion ind for at se hvad svaret er. 

> subs(F(t)=cos(4*t),kappa);
 

(Typesetting:-mprintslash)([abs(-cos(4*t)*(diff(cos(4*t), `$`(t, 2)))+cos(4*t)^2+2*(diff(cos(4*t), t))^2)/(cos(4*t)^2+(diff(cos(4*t), t))^2)^(3/2)], [abs(-cos(4*t)*(diff(diff(cos(4*t), t), t))+cos(4*t... 

> expand(%);
 

abs(17*cos(4*t)^2+32*sin(4*t)^2)/(64*cos(t)^8-128*cos(t)^6+80*cos(t)^4-16*cos(t)^2+1+1024*sin(t)^2*cos(t)^6-1024*sin(t)^2*cos(t)^4+256*sin(t)^2*cos(t)^2)^(3/2)
abs(17*cos(4*t)^2+32*sin(4*t)^2)/(64*cos(t)^8-128*cos(t)^6+80*cos(t)^4-16*cos(t)^2+1+1024*sin(t)^2*cos(t)^6-1024*sin(t)^2*cos(t)^4+256*sin(t)^2*cos(t)^2)^(3/2)
 

> simplify(%,trig);
 

abs(15*cos(4*t)^2-32)/(1920*cos(t)^6-1200*cos(t)^4+240*cos(t)^2-960*cos(t)^8+1)^(3/2) 

>
 

>